During the Republican era, personal hygiene and public sanitation became indicators for civilization and a healthy and strong population. Influenced by similar notions in Europe, the United States, Japan and other countries that aspired to be modern, Chinese politicians, intellectuals, and educators...
In the early twentieth century, Chinese armies were badly lacking in medical care. The National Revolutionary Army of the Nanjing Government under Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) sought to increase the number of biomedically trained doctors and improve the application of scientific military medicine,...
